The goal of teaching pathology is to provide undergraduate students comprehensive knowledge of the causes and mechanisms of disease, in order to enable them to achieve complete understanding of the natural history and clinical manifestations of the disease.
i. describes the structure and ultra-structure of a sick cell, the mechanisms of the cell degradation, cell death and repair.
ii. Correlate structural and functional alterations in the sick cell.
iii. Explain the Patho physiological processes which governs the maintenance of homeostasis, mechanism of their disturbances and the morphological and clinical manifestation associated with it. iv. describe the mechanisms and patterns of tissue response to injury to appreciate the Patho physiology of disease processes and their clinical manifestations.
v. Correlate the gross and microscopic alterations of different organ systems in common diseases to the extent needed to understand disease processes and their clinical significance.
vi. Develop an understanding of neoplastic change in the body in order to appreciate need for early diagnosis and further management of neoplasia.
vii. Understand mechanisms of common haematological disorders and develop a logical approach in their diagnosis and management.
i. Describe the rationale and principles of technical procedures of diagnostic laboratory tests.
ii. Interpret diagnostic laboratory tests and correlate with clinical and morphological features of diseases.
iii. Perform simple bedside tests on blood, urine and other biological fluid samples.
iv. Draw a rational scheme of investigations aimed at diagnosing and managing common disorders.
v. Recognise morbid anatomical and histopathological changes for the diagnosis of common disorder. Introduction of “Communication Skills, Professionalism & Ethics in Medical Education Modules” in 2 nd Year MBBS Syllabus New Topic in Syllabus of Pathology (A.Y. 2015-16 )
Integration At the end of one and half years, the student shall be able to integrate the causes and mechanisms of disease most prevalent in India with their natural history for the understanding of their clinical course and management.
Course contents |
Must Know |
Desirable to know |
1. Cell injury
- Cause and mechanism : Ischemic, Toxic and Apoptosis
- Reversible cell injury : Types, morphology, hyaline, fatty change
- Irreversible cell injury : Types of necrosis, gangrene
- Calcification : Dystrophic and metastatic
- Extracellular accumulation: Amyloidosis, classification, pathogenesis, morphology
2. Inflammation and repair
- Acute inflammation : Features, causes, vascular and cellular events
- Morphological variant of acute inflammation
- Inflammatory cells and mediators
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- Chronic inflammation : causes, types, non-specific and granulomatous with common examples
- Wound healing by primary and secondary union, factors promoting and delaying the process and complications
3. Immunopathology
- Immune pathology : organization, cells, antibodies and regulations of immune responses
- Hypersensitivity : types and examples, antibodies and cell mediated tissue injury with examples
- Autoimmune disorders like systemic lupus erythematosus
- Organ transplantation : immunological basis of rejection and graft versus host reaction
4. Infectious diseases
- Mycobacterial diseases : tuberculosis and leprosy
- Bacterial diseases : pyogenic, typhoid, dyptheria, gram –ve infections, bacillary dysentery, syphilis
- Fungal disease and opportunistic infections
- Parasitic diseases : malaria, filarial, amoebiasis, kala azar, cystecercosis, hydatid
- AIDS : etiology, modes of transmission, pathogenesis, pathology, complications, diagnostic procedures and handling of infected materials and health education
5. Circulatory disturbances
- Oedema : pathogenesis and types
- Chronic venous congestion : lung, liver, spleen
- Thrombosis and embolism : formation, fate and effects
- Infarction : types, common sites, gangrene
- Shock : pathogenesis, types, morphological changes
6. Growth disturbances
- Atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, hypoplasia, metaplasia, malformation, agenesis, dysplasia
- Neoplasia: causes, classification, histogenesis, biological behaviour, benign and malignant, carcinoma and sarcoma
- Malignant neoplasia : grades and stages, local and distant spread
- Carcinogenesis : Environmental carcinogen, chemical, viral, occupational, hereditary and basics of molecular basis of cancer
- Tumor and host interaction : systemic effects including para neoplastic syndrome, tumor immunology
- Laboratory diagnosis : cytology, biopsy, tumour markers
- Tumours and tumour like conditions of soft tissues
7. Miscellaneous disorders
- Autosomal and sex-linked disorders with examples
- Protein energy malnutrition and vitamin deficiency disorders
- Radiational injuries
- Disorders of pigments and mineral metabolism such as billirubin, melanin, haemosiderin
8. Haemetopathology
- Anaemia : classification and clinical features
- Nutritional anaemia : Iron deficiency, folic acid/ vit. B12 deficiency anaemia including pernicious anaemia
- Haemolytic anaemia : classification and investigation
- Hereditary haemolytic anaemia : thalassemia, sickle cell anaemia, hereditary spherocytosis and G6PD deficiency
- Acquired haemolytic anaemia
- Aplastic anaemia
- Haemostatic disorders : platelet deficiency, ITP, drug induced, secondary
- Coagulopathies : coagulation factor deficiency, hemophilia, DIC and anticoagulant control
- Leucocytic disorders : Leucocytosis, leucopoenia, leucamoid reaction
- Acute and chronic leukemia : classification and diagnosis
- Multiple myloma and dysproteinemias
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- Blood transfusion : grouping and cross matching untoward reactions, transmissible infections including HIV and hepatitis
- Haemolytic anaemias : autoimmune, alloimmune, drug induced, microangiopathic and malaria
- Myelodysplastic syndrome
- Myelo proliferative disorders : polycythemia, myelofibrosis
9. Cardiovascular pathology
- Rheumatic heart disease : pathogenesis and morphology
- Infective endocarditis : causes and pathogenesis
- Atherosclerosis and ischemic heart disease : myocardial infarction
- Hypertension and hypertensive heart disease
- Congenital heart disease: ASD, VSD, Fallot’s teratology, Biscuspid aorotic PDS
- Pericarditis
- Cardiomyopathy
10. Respiratory Pathology
- Inflammatory diseases of bronchi : chronic bronchitis, bronchial asthma, bronchiectasis
- Pneumonias : lobar, broncho, interstitial
- Lung abscess : etiopathogenesis and morphology
- Pulmonary tuberculosis: primary and secondary, morphologic types including pleuritis
- Emphysema : type and pathogenesis
- Tumors : benign, malignant, squamous cell, oat cell, adeno, etiopathogenesis
- Structure of bronchial tree and alveolar walls, normal and altered lung function, concepts of obstructive and restrictive lung disorders
- Nasopharyngeal and laryngeal tumors
- Occupational lung disorders : anthracosis, silicosis, asbestosis, mesothelioma
- Atelectasis and hyaline membrane disease
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11. Urinary tract pathology
- Basics of impaired function and urinalysis
- Glomerulonephritis : classification, primary proliferative and non proliferative, secondary(SLE, polyarteritis, amyloidosis, diabetes)
- Nephritic syndrome
- Acute renal failure : acute tubular and cortical necrosis
- Pyelonephritis, reflux nephropathy, interstitial nephritis
- Renal cell tumors : renal cell carcinoma, nephroblastoma
- Urinary bladder : cystitis, carcinoma
- Progressive renal failure and end stage renal disease
- Renal vascular disorders
- Urinary tract tuberculosis
- Nephrolithiasis and obstructive nephropathy
- Renal malformation polycystic kidney
12. Pathology of Gastrointestinal tract
- Oral pathology : leukoplakia, carcinoma oral cavity and esophagus
- Peptic ulcer : etiopathogenesis and complications, gastritis types
- Tumors of stomach : benign, polyp, leiomyoma, malignant, adenocarcinoma, lymphoma
- Inflammatory disease of small intestine : typhoid, tuberculosis, Crohn’s disease, appendicitis
- Inflammatory disease of large intestine : amoebic colitis, bacillary dysentery, ulcerative colitis
- Large and small intestine tumors : polyps, carcinoid, carcinoma
- Pancreatitis
- Salivary gland tumors : mixed, adenoids, cystic, warthins
- Ischemic and pseudomembranous enteroculitis, diverticulitis
- Malabsorption-coeliac disease, tropical sprue and other causes
- Pancreatic tumors : endocrine, exocrine and pariampullary
13. Liver and Billiary tract pathology
- Jaundice : types, and pathogenesis and differentiation
- Hepatitis : acute and chronic, etiology, pathogenesis and pathology
- Cirrhosis : etiology, classification, pathology, complications
- Portal hypertension : types and manifestation
- Diseases of gall bladder : cholecystitis, cholelithiasis, carcinoma
- Tumors of liver : hepatocellular, metastatic, tumor markers
14. Lymphoreticular system
- Lymphadenitis : non-specific, granulomatous
- Hodgkin’s and Non-hodgkin’s lymphoma, classification, morphology
- Diseases of spleen : spleenomegaly and effects
15. Reproductive system
- Diseases of cervix : cervicitis, cervical carcinoma, etiology, cytological diagnosis
- Hormonal influences and histological appearances of different phases of menstrual cycles and the abnormality associated with it
- Diseases of uterus : endometrial hyperplasia and carcinoma, adenomyosis, smooth muscle tumors
- Trophoblastic diseases : hydatiform choriocarcinoma
- Diseases of breast : mastitis, abscess, fibrocystic disease, neoplastic lesions, fibroadenoma, carcinoma, phyllodes tumors
- Prostate : nodular hyperplasia, carcinoma
- Ovarian and testicular tumors
- Carcinoma of penis
- Pelvic inflammatory disease including salpingitis
- Genital tuberculosis
16. Osteopathology
- Osteomyelities : acute, chronic, tuberculosis
- Metabolic diseases : rickets/osteomalacia, osteoporosis, hyper parathyroidism
- Tumors : primary, osteosarcoma, osteoclastoma, Ewing’s sarcoma, chondro sarcoma, metastatic
- Arthritis : rheumatoid, osteoid and tuberculosis
- Healing of fractures
17. Endocrine pathology
- Diabetes mellitus : types, pathogenesis, pathology
- Non neoplastic lesion of thyroid : Iodine deficiency goiter, autoimmune thyroiditis, thyrotoxicosis, myxoedema
- Tumors of thyroid : adenoma, carcinoma : papillary, follicular, medullary, analastic
- Adrenal disease : cortical hyperplasia, atrophy, tuberculosis, tumors of cortex and medulla
- Parathyroid hyperplasia and tumors
18. Neuropathology
- Inflammatory disorders : pyogenic and tuberculous meningitis, brain abscess, tuberculoma
- CNS tumors : primary glioma and meningioma and metastatic
- CSF and its disturbances : cerebral oedema, raised intracranial pressure
- Cerebrovascular disease : atherosclerosis, thrombosis, embolism, aneurysm, hypoxia, infarction and hemorrhage
19. Dermatopathology
- Skin tumors : squamous cell, basal cell and melanoma
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